Inference of the Mass Composition of Cosmic Rays with Energies from 1018.5 to 1020 eV Using the Pierre Auger Observatory and Deep Learning

Abdul Halim A; Abreu P; Aglietta M; Allekotte I; Almeida Cheminant K; Almela A; Aloisio R; Alvarez-Muniz J; Ammerman Yebra J; Anastasi G.A; Anchordoqui L; Andrada B; Andrade Dourado L; Andringa S; Apollonio L; Aramo C; Araújo Ferreira P.R; Arnone E; Arteaga Velázquez J.C; Assis P; Avila G; Avocone E; Bakalova A; Barbato F; Bartz Mocellin A; Berat C; Bertaina M.E; Bhatta G; Bianciotto M; Biermann P.L; Binet V; Bismark K; Bister T; Biteau J; Blazek J; Bleve C; Blümer J; Boháčová M; Boncioli D; Bonifazi C; Bonneau Arbeletche L; Borodai N; Brack J; Brichetto Orchera P.G; Briechle F.L; Bueno A; Buitink S; Buscemi M; Büsken M; Bwembya A; Caballero-Mora K.S; Cabana-Freire S; Caccianiga L; Campuzano F; Caruso R; Castellina A; Catalani F; Cataldi G; Cazon L; Cerda M; Čermáková B; Cermenati A; Chinellato J.A; Chudoba J; Chytka L; Clay R.W; Cobos Cerutti A.C; Colalillo R; Coluccia M.R; Conceiçao R; Condorelli A; Consolati G; Conte M; Convenga F; Correia Dos Santos D; Costa P.J; Covault C.E; Cristinziani M; Cruz Sanchez C.S; Dasso S; Daumiller K; Dawson B.R; De Almeida R.M; De Errico B; De Jesús J; De Jong S.J; De Mello Neto J.R.T; De Mitri I; De Oliveira J; De Oliveira Franco D; De Palma F; De Souza V; De Vito E; Del Popolo A; Deligny O; Denner N; Deval L; Di Matteo A; Do J.A; Dobre M; Dobrigkeit C; D'Olivo J.C; Domingues Mendes L.M; Dorosti Q; Dos Anjos J.C; Dos Anjos R.C; Ebr J; Ellwanger F; Emam M; Engel R; Epicoco I; Erdmann M; Etchegoyen A; Evoli C; Falcke H; Farrar G; Fauth A.C; Fehler T; Feldbusch F; Fenu F; Fernandes A; Fick B; Figueira J.M; Filip P; Filipčič A; Fitoussi T; Flaggs B; Fodran T; Fujii T; Fuster A; Galea C; García B; Gaudu C; Gherghel-Lascu A; Ghia P.L; Giaccari U; Glombitza J; Gobbi F; Gollan F; Golup G; Gómez Berisso M; Gómez Vitale P.F; Gongora J.P; González J.M; González N; Góra D; Gorgi A; Gottowik M; Guarino F; Guedes G.P; Guido E; Gülzow L; Hahn S; Hamal P; Hampel M.R; Hansen P; Harari D; Harvey V.M; Haungs A; Hebbeker T; Hojvat C; Hörandel J.R; Horvath P; Hrabovský M; Huege T; Insolia A; Isar P.G; Janecek P; Jilek V; Johnsen J.A; Jurysek J; Kampert K.-H; Keilhauer B; Khakurdikar A; Kizakke Covilakam V.V; Klages H.O; Kleifges M; Knapp F; Köhler J; Krieger F; Kunka N; Lago B.L; Langner N; Leigui De Oliveira M.A; Lema-Capeans Y; Letessier-Selvon A; Lhenry-Yvon I; Lopes L; Lu L; Luce Q; Lundquist J.P; Machado Payeras A; Majercakova M; Mandat D; Manning B.C; Mantsch P; Mariani F.M; Mariazzi A.G; Mariş I.C; Marsella G; Martello D; Martinelli S; Martínez Bravo O; Martins M.A; Mathes H.-J; Matthews J; Matthiae G; Mayotte E; Mayotte S; Mazur P.O; Medina-Tanco G; Meinert J; Melo D; Menshikov A; Merx C; Michal S; Micheletti M.I; Miramonti L; Mollerach S; Montanet F; Morejon L; Mulrey K; Mussa R; Namasaka W.M; Negi S; Nellen L; Nguyen K; Nicora G; Niechciol M; Nitz D; Nosek D; Novotny V; NoŽka L; Nucita A; Núnez L.A; Oliveira C; Palatka M; Pallotta J; Panja S; Parente G; Paulsen T; Pawlowsky J; Pech M; P ©kala J; Pelayo R; Pelgrims V; Pereira L.A.S; Pereira Martins E.E; Pérez Bertolli C; Perrone L; Petrera S; Petrucci C; Pierog T; Pimenta M; Platino M; Pont B; Pothast M; Pourmohammad Shahvar M; Privitera P; Prouza M; Querchfeld S; Rautenberg J; Ravignani D; Reginatto Akim J.V; Reininghaus M; Reuzki A; Ridky J; Riehn F; Risse M; Rizi V; Rodrigues De Carvalho W; Rodriguez E; Rodriguez Rojo J; Roncoroni M.J; Rossoni S; Roth M; Roulet E; Rovero A.C; Saftoiu A; Saharan M; Salamida F; Salazar H; Salina G; Sanabria Gomez J.D; Sánchez F; Santos E.M; Santos E; Sarazin F; Sarmento R; Sato R; Savina P; Schäfer C.M; Scherini V; Schieler H; Schimassek M; Schimp M; Schmidt D; Scholten O; Schoorlemmer H; Schovánek P; Schröder F.G; Schulte J; Schulz T; Sciutto S.J; Scornavacche M; Sedoski A; Segreto A; Sehgal S; Shivashankara S.U; Sigl G; Simkova K; Simon F; Smau R; Šmída R; Sommers P; Squartini R; Stadelmaier M; Stanič S; Stasielak J; Stassi P; Strähnz S; Straub M; Suomijärvi T; Supanitsky A.D; Svozilikova Z; Szadkowski Z; Tairli F; Tapia A; Taricco C; Timmermans C; Tkachenko O; Tobiska P; Todero Peixoto C.J; Tomé B; Torrès Z; Travaini A; Travnicek P; Tueros M; Unger M; Uzeiroska R; Vaclavek L; Vacula M; Valdés Galicia J.F; Valore L; Varela E; Vašíčková V; Vásquez-Ramírez A; Veberič D; Vergara Quispe I.D; Verzi V; Vicha J; Vink J; Vorobiov S; Watanabe C; Watson A.A; Weindl A; Wiencke L; Wilczyński H; Wittkowski D; Wundheiler B; Yue B; Yushkov A; Zapparrata O; Zas E; Zavrtanik D; Zavrtanik M; (Pierre Auger Collaboration)

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.021001

Date

2025

Author

Abdul Halim A

Abreu P

Aglietta M

Allekotte I

Almeida Cheminant K

Almela A

Aloisio R

Alvarez-Muniz J

Ammerman Yebra J

Anastasi G.A

Anchordoqui L

Andrada B

Andrade Dourado L

Andringa S

Apollonio L

Aramo C

Araújo Ferreira P.R

Arnone E

Arteaga Velázquez J.C

Assis P

Avila G

Avocone E

Bakalova A

Barbato F

Bartz Mocellin A

Berat C

Bertaina M.E

Bhatta G

Bianciotto M

Biermann P.L

Binet V

Bismark K

Bister T

Biteau J

Blazek J

Bleve C

Blümer J

Boháčová M

Boncioli D

Bonifazi C

Bonneau Arbeletche L

Borodai N

Brack J

Brichetto Orchera P.G

Briechle F.L

Bueno A

Buitink S

Buscemi M

Büsken M

Bwembya A

Caballero-Mora K.S

Cabana-Freire S

Caccianiga L

Campuzano F

Caruso R

Castellina A

Catalani F

Cataldi G

Cazon L

Cerda M

Čermáková B

Cermenati A

Chinellato J.A

Chudoba J

Chytka L

Clay R.W

Cobos Cerutti A.C

Colalillo R

Coluccia M.R

Conceiçao R

Condorelli A

Consolati G

Conte M

Convenga F

Correia Dos Santos D

Costa P.J

Covault C.E

Cristinziani M

Cruz Sanchez C.S

Dasso S

Daumiller K

Dawson B.R

De Almeida R.M

De Errico B

De Jesús J

De Jong S.J

De Mello Neto J.R.T

De Mitri I

De Oliveira J

De Oliveira Franco D

De Palma F

De Souza V

De Vito E

Del Popolo A

Deligny O

Denner N

Deval L

Di Matteo A

Do J.A

Dobre M

Dobrigkeit C

D'Olivo J.C

Domingues Mendes L.M

Dorosti Q

Dos Anjos J.C

Dos Anjos R.C

Ebr J

Ellwanger F

Emam M

Engel R

Epicoco I

Erdmann M

Etchegoyen A

Evoli C

Falcke H

Farrar G

Fauth A.C

Fehler T

Feldbusch F

Fenu F

Fernandes A

Fick B

Figueira J.M

Filip P

Filipčič A

Fitoussi T

Flaggs B

Fodran T

Fujii T

Fuster A

Galea C

García B

Gaudu C

Gherghel-Lascu A

Ghia P.L

Giaccari U

Glombitza J

Gobbi F

Gollan F

Golup G

Gómez Berisso M

Gómez Vitale P.F

Gongora J.P

González J.M

González N

Góra D

Gorgi A

Gottowik M

Guarino F

Guedes G.P

Guido E

Gülzow L

Hahn S

Hamal P

Hampel M.R

Hansen P

Harari D

Harvey V.M

Haungs A

Hebbeker T

Hojvat C

Hörandel J.R

Horvath P

Hrabovský M

Huege T

Insolia A

Isar P.G

Janecek P

Jilek V

Johnsen J.A

Jurysek J

Kampert K.-H

Keilhauer B

Khakurdikar A

Kizakke Covilakam V.V

Klages H.O

Kleifges M

Knapp F

Köhler J

Krieger F

Kunka N

Lago B.L

Langner N

Leigui De Oliveira M.A

Lema-Capeans Y

Letessier-Selvon A

Lhenry-Yvon I

Lopes L

Lu L

Luce Q

Lundquist J.P

Machado Payeras A

Majercakova M

Mandat D

Manning B.C

Mantsch P

Mariani F.M

Mariazzi A.G

Mariş I.C

Marsella G

Martello D

Martinelli S

Martínez Bravo O

Martins M.A

Mathes H.-J

Matthews J

Matthiae G

Mayotte E

Mayotte S

Mazur P.O

Medina-Tanco G

Meinert J

Melo D

Menshikov A

Merx C

Michal S

Micheletti M.I

Miramonti L

Mollerach S

Montanet F

Morejon L

Mulrey K

Mussa R

Namasaka W.M

Negi S

Nellen L

Nguyen K

Nicora G

Niechciol M

Nitz D

Nosek D

Novotny V

NoŽka L

Nucita A

Núnez L.A

Oliveira C

Palatka M

Pallotta J

Panja S

Parente G

Paulsen T

Pawlowsky J

Pech M

P ©kala J

Pelayo R

Pelgrims V

Pereira L.A.S

Pereira Martins E.E

Pérez Bertolli C

Perrone L

Petrera S

Petrucci C

Pierog T

Pimenta M

Platino M

Pont B

Pothast M

Pourmohammad Shahvar M

Privitera P

Prouza M

Querchfeld S

Rautenberg J

Ravignani D

Reginatto Akim J.V

Reininghaus M

Reuzki A

Ridky J

Riehn F

Risse M

Rizi V

Rodrigues De Carvalho W

Rodriguez E

Rodriguez Rojo J

Roncoroni M.J

Rossoni S

Roth M

Roulet E

Rovero A.C

Saftoiu A

Saharan M

Salamida F

Salazar H

Salina G

Sanabria Gomez J.D

Sánchez F

Santos E.M

Santos E

Sarazin F

Sarmento R

Sato R

Savina P

Schäfer C.M

Scherini V

Schieler H

Schimassek M

Schimp M

Schmidt D

Scholten O

Schoorlemmer H

Schovánek P

Schröder F.G

Schulte J

Schulz T

Sciutto S.J

Scornavacche M

Sedoski A

Segreto A

Sehgal S

Shivashankara S.U

Sigl G

Simkova K

Simon F

Smau R

Šmída R

Sommers P

Squartini R

Stadelmaier M

Stanič S

Stasielak J

Stassi P

Strähnz S

Straub M

Suomijärvi T

Supanitsky A.D

Svozilikova Z

Szadkowski Z

Tairli F

Tapia A

Taricco C

Timmermans C

Tkachenko O

Tobiska P

Todero Peixoto C.J

Tomé B

Torrès Z

Travaini A

Travnicek P

Tueros M

Unger M

Uzeiroska R

Vaclavek L

Vacula M

Valdés Galicia J.F

Valore L

Varela E

Vašíčková V

Vásquez-Ramírez A

Veberič D

Vergara Quispe I.D

Verzi V

Vicha J

Vink J

Vorobiov S

Watanabe C

Watson A.A

Weindl A

Wiencke L

Wilczyński H

Wittkowski D

Wundheiler B

Yue B

Yushkov A

Zapparrata O

Zas E

Zavrtanik D

Zavrtanik M

(Pierre Auger Collaboration)