Show simple item record

Balancing economic and social results in football clubs: evidence of fans’ perceptions in the Colombian context

dc.contributor.authorHernández-Hernández J.A.
dc.contributor.authorLondoño-Pineda A.
dc.contributor.authorNg-Henao R.
dc.contributor.authorMacías-Franco J.L.
dc.contributor.authorCano J.A.
dc.date.accessioned2025-09-08T14:23:50Z
dc.date.available2025-09-08T14:23:50Z
dc.date.created2025
dc.identifier.issn26249367
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11407/9110
dc.descriptionFans are not only loyal, but also powerful, and could therefore exert pressure on football club managers. This study examines the influence of fan-generated pressure on the economic and social sustainability outcomes of football clubs in Colombia, highlighting the role of active and non-active fan typologies. Using a conceptual framework rooted in stakeholder theory, we developed and tested a structural equation model (SEM) based on Colombian football fans. Results show that active fans, defined as direct or indirect followers, prioritize high-performing players and coaches and significantly influence economic outcomes through merchandising and broadcasting rights. Conversely, non-active fans, including passive and potential supporters, emphasize player stability and club goodwill. These findings highlight that fan pressure, shaped by sporting identity and performance expectations, serves as a critical lever for value co-creation and sustainability. 2025 Hernández-Hernández, Londoño-Pineda, Ng-Henao, Macías-Franco and Cano.
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.isversionofhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105003136669&doi=10.3389%2ffspor.2025.1541829&partnerID=40&md5=0818a45512079b303a5abbfa23ac87c1
dc.sourceFrontiers in Sports and Active Living
dc.sourceFrontier. Sport. Act. Living.
dc.sourceScopus
dc.subjectActives fans
dc.subjectCocreation of value
dc.subjectColombian football
dc.subjectEconomic and social outcomes
dc.subjectFan pressures
dc.subjectNon-active fans
dc.titleBalancing economic and social results in football clubs: evidence of fans’ perceptions in the Colombian context
dc.typeArticle
dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.publisher.programAdministración de Empresas
dc.type.spaArtículo
dc.rights.accesoRestricted access
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fspor.2025.1541829
dc.relation.citationvolume7
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas
dc.affiliationHernández-Hernández J.A., Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
dc.affiliationLondoño-Pineda A., Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
dc.affiliationNg-Henao R., Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
dc.affiliationMacías-Franco J.L., Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
dc.affiliationCano J.A., Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
dc.relation.referencesFriedman M., Capitalism and Freedom, (1962)
dc.relation.referencesDe la Cruz N., Pena-Utria N., Teoría de las Partes Interesadas vs Teoría de la Supremacía de los Accionistas: Análisis Sobre la Generación de Valor en las Empresas, (2019)
dc.relation.referencesFreeman R.E., Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, (1984)
dc.relation.referencesMccullough B.P., Cunningham G.B., A conceptual model to understand the impetus to engage in and the expected organizational outcomes of green initiatives a conceptual model to understand the impetus to engage in and the expected organizational outcomes of green initiatives, Quest, 62, pp. 348-363, (2010)
dc.relation.referencesDaddi T., Todaro N.M., Iraldo F., Frey M., Institutional pressures on the adoption of environmental practices: a focus on European professional football, J Environ Plan Manag, pp. 1-23, (2021)
dc.relation.referencesDaddi T., Rizzi F., Pretner G., Todaro N., Annunziata E., Frey M., Et al., Environmental management of sport events: a focus on European professional football, Sport Bus Manag An Int J, 12, pp. 208-232, (2022)
dc.relation.referencesTodaro N.M., McCullough B., Daddi T., Stimulating the adoption of green practices by professional football organisations: a focus on stakeholders’ pressures and expected benefits, Sport Manag Rev, 26, pp. 156-180, (2023)
dc.relation.referencesMcCullough B., Orr M., Kellison T., Sport ecology: conceptualizing an emerging subdiscipline within sport management, J Sport Manag, 34, pp. 509-520, (2020)
dc.relation.referencesMastromartino B., Wann D.L., State M., Zhang J.J., Skating in the sun : examining identity formation of national hockey league fans in sunbelt states, Sport Mark J Emerg Sport Stud, 2, pp. 2562-3184, (2019)
dc.relation.referencesMastromartino B., Wang J.J., Suggs D.W., Hollenbeck C.R., Zhang J.J., Dimensions of sense of membership in a sport fan community: factors, outcomes, and social capital implications, Commun Sport, 10, pp. 1229-1256, (2020)
dc.relation.referencesMoyo T., Davies S.E.H., Joubert E., Corporate social responsibility and organisational performance of a professional football club in South Africa, Corp Ownersh Control, 13, pp. 605-613, (2015)
dc.relation.referencesParganas P., Fans, spectators, consumers in football, Routledge Handbook of Football Business and Management, (2018)
dc.relation.referencesWann D., James J., Sport Fans: The Psychology and Social Impact of Fandom, (2018)
dc.relation.referencesMoital M., Bain A., Thomas H., Summary of cognitive, affective, and behavioural outcomes of consuming prestigious sports events, Sport Manag Rev, 22, pp. 652-666, (2019)
dc.relation.referencesFernandez-Villarino R., Sustainability in the football industry: an approach to the gap between theoretical formulation and practical application, through the results of the social fair play project, HELIYON, 7, (2021)
dc.relation.referencesCayolla R.R., Escadas M., Biscaia R., Kellison T., Quintela J.A., Santos T., Fans’ perceptions of pro-environmental sustainability initiatives in sport and triple bottom line benefits, Int J Sport Mark Spons, 24, pp. 395-421, (2023)
dc.relation.referencesHernandez-Hernandez J.A., Londono-Pineda A., Cano J.A., Gomez-Montoya R., Stakeholder governance and sustainability in football: a bibliometric analysis, Heliyon, 9, (2023)
dc.relation.referencesSilveira-Perez Y., Sanabria- Navarro J.R., Pirela-Vilchez R.A., Incidencia del deporte en el crecimiento económico en Colombia, Retos, 51, pp. 1101-1109, (2024)
dc.relation.referencesHernandez-Hernandez J.A., Londono-Pineda A., Cano J.A., Understanding fan pressures and its impact on football club sustainability: insights from the Colombian context, Front Sport Act Living, 6, (2024)
dc.relation.referencesMastromartino B., Zhang J.J., Affective outcomes of membership in a sport fan community, Front Psychol, 11, pp. 1-5, (2020)
dc.relation.referencesSenaux B., A stakeholder approach to football club governance, Int J Sport Manag Mark, 4, pp. 4-17, (2008)
dc.relation.referencesZagnoli P., Radicchi E., The football-fan community as a determinant stakeholder in value co-creation, Sport Soc, 13, pp. 1532-1551, (2010)
dc.relation.referencesMitchell R.K., Wood D.J., Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience : defining the principle of who and what really counts, Acad Manag, 22, pp. 853-886, (1997)
dc.relation.referencesCho H., Lee H., The influence of stadium environment on attendance intentions in spectator sport, Int J Sport Mark Spons, 20, pp. 276-290, (2017)
dc.relation.referencesMastromartino B., Chou W.W., Zhang J.J., The passion that unites US all: the culture and consumption of sports fans, Sports Media, Marketing, and Management: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice, pp. 331-349, (2018)
dc.relation.referencesFry J., Serbera J., Wilson R., Managing performance expectations in association football, J Bus Res, 135, pp. 445-453, (2021)
dc.relation.referencesJaeger J., Football fans and stakeholder theory—a qualitative approach to classifying fans in Germany, Sport Bus Manag An Int J, 11, pp. 598-619, (2021)
dc.relation.referencesFerraresi M., Gucciardi G., Team performance and the perception of being observed: experimental evidence from top-level professional football, Ger Econ Rev, 24, pp. 1-31, (2023)
dc.relation.referencesWinskowski P., Managing for stakeholders in football : conflicts arising from the goals and behaviour of active fans, Soccer Soc, 23, pp. 1143-1159, (2022)
dc.relation.referencesCleland J., Dixon K., ‘Black and whiters’: the relative powerlessness of ‘active’ supporter organization mobility at english premier league football clubs, Soccer Soc, 970, pp. 1-15, (2015)
dc.relation.referencesRodriguez-Pomeda J., Casani F., Alonso-almeida M.M., Emotions’ management within the real Madrid football club business model business model, Soccer Soc, 970, pp. 1-14, (2017)
dc.relation.referencesGiulianotti R., Supporters, followers, fans, and flaneurs, J Sport Soc Issues, 26, pp. 25-46, (2002)
dc.relation.referencesAlton D., O'Sullivan S., ‘No to modern football’: the digitized amplification of collaborative glocalization among extreme fan communities: an abstract, Enlightened Marketing in Challenging Times. AMSWMC 2019. Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, pp. 383-384, (2020)
dc.relation.referencesVimieiro A.C., The digital productivity of football supporters : formats, motivations and styles, Convergence, 24, pp. 374-390, (2018)
dc.relation.referencesLozano R., Barreiro-Gen M., Civil society organisations as agents for societal change: football clubs’ engagement with sustainability, Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag, 30, pp. 820-828, (2023)
dc.relation.referencesValenti M., Peng Q., Rocha C., Integration between women’s and men’s football clubs: a comparison between Brazil, China and Italy ABSTRACT, Int J Sport Policy Polit, 13, pp. 321-340, (2021)
dc.relation.referencesDiMaggio P.J., Powell W.W., The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields, Am Sociol Rev, 48, pp. 147-160, (1983)
dc.relation.referencesMcCullough B.P., Pfahl M.E., Nguyen S.N., The green waves of environmental sustainability in sport, Sport Soc, 19, pp. 1040-1065, (2016)
dc.relation.referencesTrendafilova S., Mccullough B., Pfahl M., Nguyen S.N., Casper J., Picariello M., Environmental sustainability in sport: current state and future trends, Glob J Adv Pure Appl Sci, 3, pp. 9-14, (2014)
dc.relation.referencesTrendafilova S., Mccullough B.P., Environmental sustainability scholarship and the efforts of the sport sector: a rapid review of literature, Cogent Soc Sci, 4, pp. 1-15, (2018)
dc.relation.referencesBull M., Whittam G., Sustainable value creation? Entrepreneurial orientations in the football industry, Int J Entrep Behav Res, 27, pp. 27-44, (2021)
dc.relation.referencesde Witte F., Zglinski J., The idea of Europe in football, Eur Law Open, 1, pp. 286-315, (2022)
dc.relation.referencesPutra L.R.D., Your neighbors walk alone (YNWA)”: urban regeneration and the predicament of being local fans in the commercialized English football league, J Sport Soc Issues, 43, pp. 44-68, (2019)
dc.relation.referencesKosma M., Teker F., Business model innovation for sustainable operations in professional football : how supporters gain more control of the beautiful game, Soc Econ, 44, pp. 420-438, (2022)
dc.relation.referencesMeier H.E., Garcia B., Konjer M., Jetzke M., Meier H.E., Managing sport and leisure the short life of the European super league : a case study on institutional tensions in sport industries the short life of the European super league : a case study on institutional tensions in sport industries, Manag Sport Leis ISSN, 29, pp. 518-539, (2024)
dc.relation.referencesUz M., Warias R., Glova J., Management of transfer prices in professional football as a function of fan numbers, Mathematics, 10, (2022)
dc.relation.referencesBerndt A., The brand identity of a football manager: the case of arsène wenger: an abstract, Marketing Opportunities and Challenges in a Changing Global Marketplace, pp. 315-316, (2020)
dc.relation.referencesRossetsi G., Caproni V., Football market strategies: think locally, trade globally, (2016)
dc.relation.referencesAbbas N.H., The impact sporting and financial performance of football clubs on their stock price : an analytical study of European clubs sample listed in the financial market, Rev Behav Financ, 15, pp. 340-354, (2023)
dc.relation.referencesCaselli M., Falco P., Mattera G., When the stadium goes silent : how crowds affect the performance of discriminated groups, J Labor Econ, 41, pp. 1-28, (2023)
dc.relation.referencesDoloriert C., Whitworth K., A case study of knowledge management in the “back office” of two English football clubs, Learn Organ, 18, pp. 422-437, (2011)
dc.relation.referencesFitzpatrick D., The moral economy of the English football crowd: the European super league and the contingency of football fan activism, Cap Cl, pp. 1-21, (2024)
dc.relation.referencesOlesen M., #Walkouton77: football fan activism in premier league, MedieKultur J Media Commun Res, 34, pp. 117-137, (2018)
dc.relation.referencesTuran O., Ozcetin B., Football fans and contentious politics: the role of Çarşı in the gezi park protests, Int Rev Sociol Sport, 54, pp. 199-217, (2017)
dc.relation.referencesHodges A., Brentin D., Fan protest and activism: football from below in South-Eastern Europe, Soccer Soc, 19, pp. 329-336, (2018)
dc.relation.referencesKossakowski R., Ludvigsen J.A.L., European football fans’ resistance and protest in the face of legal restrictions: towards a typology and continued research agenda, Int Rev Sociol Sport, (2025)
dc.relation.referencesKiernan A., Exit, voice and loyalty: the dislocation of football fan communities, Soccer Soc, 18, pp. 880-895, (2017)
dc.relation.referencesCastro-Martinez M.P., Jackson P.R., Collaborative value co-creation in community sports trusts at football clubs, Corp Gov, 15, pp. 229-242, (2015)
dc.relation.referencesLeitner M.C., Richlan F., No fans—no pressure: referees in professional football during the COVID-19 pandemic, Front Sport Act Living, 3, (2021)
dc.relation.referencesHair J.F., Sarstedt M., Hopkins L., Kuppelwieser V.G., Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): an emerging tool in business research, Eur Bus Rev, 26, pp. 106-121, (2014)
dc.relation.referencesDash G., Paul J., CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting, Technol Forecast Soc Change, 173, (2021)
dc.relation.referencesSarstedt M., Hwang H., Advances in composite-based structural equation modeling, Behaviormetrika, 47, pp. 213-217, (2020)
dc.relation.referencesRichter N.F., Cepeda G., Roldan J.L., Ringle C.M., European Management research using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), Eur Manag J, 34, pp. 589-597, (2016)
dc.relation.referencesHair J.F., Risher J.J., Sarstedt M., Ringle C.M., When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM, Eur Bus Rev, 31, pp. 2-24, (2019)
dc.relation.referencesMarrucci L., Daddi T., McCullough B.P., Sustainable mobility and sports tourism: applying the theory of planned behaviour to football supporters, J Strateg Mark, pp. 1-15, (2024)
dc.relation.referencesShahid M., Tahir M., Path coefficient analysis in wheat, Sarhad J Agric, 18, pp. 383-388, (2002)
dc.relation.referencesBhatt G.M., Significance of path coefficient analysis in determining the nature of character association, Euphytica, 22, pp. 338-343, (1973)
dc.relation.referencesHoe S.L., Issues and procedures in adopting structural equation modelling technique, J Quant Methods, 3, pp. 76-83, (2008)
dc.relation.referencesNunnally J.C., An overview of psychological measurement, Clinical Diagnosis of Mental Disorders, (1978)
dc.relation.referencesMiles J., R-squared, adjusted R-squared, Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, (2014)
dc.relation.referencesChin W.W., Bootstrap cross-validation indices for PLS path model assessment, Handbook of Partial Least Squares. Springer Handbooks of Computational Statistics, (2010)
dc.relation.referencesCarmines E., Zeller R., Reliability and Validity Assessment. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, (1979)
dc.relation.referencesHwang H., Ringle C.M., Cho G., Choo H., A primer on integrated generalized structured component analysis, Eur Bus Rev, 35, pp. 261-284, (2023)
dc.relation.referencesO'Brien R.M., A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors, Qual Quant, 41, pp. 673-690, (2007)
dc.relation.referencesAkinwande M.O., Dikko H.G., Samson A., Variance inflation factor: as a condition for the inclusion of suppressor variable (s) in regression analysis, Open J Stat, 5, pp. 754-767, (2015)
dc.relation.referencesClarkson B., Philippou C., Gender diversity and financial sustainability in professional football: a competitive strategy and proposed interdisciplinary research agenda, Manag Sport Leis, 29, pp. 681-685, (2022)
dc.relation.referencesKrech M., Towards equal rights in the global game ? FIFA’s strategy for women’s football as a tightly bounded institutional innovation, J Int Eur Law, 25, pp. 12-26, (2020)
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.identifier.reponamereponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Medellín
dc.identifier.repourlrepourl:https://repository.udem.edu.co/
dc.identifier.instnameinstname:Universidad de Medellín


Files in this item

FilesSizeFormatView

There are no files associated with this item.

This item appears in the following Collection(s)

Show simple item record